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		<title>扑克档案</title>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 21 Dec 2007 14:49:22 +0800</pubDate>
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			<title>tupian</title>
			<link>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/74167116.html</link>
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			<dc:creator>扑克档案</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Fri, 21 Dec 2007 14:49:22 +0800</pubDate>
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			<title>国际象棋</title>
			<link>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/43033588.html</link>
			<comments>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/43033588.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>扑克档案</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Sun, 22 Apr 2007 09:49:12 +0800</pubDate>
			<category>趣事</category>
			<guid>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/43033588.html</guid>
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<div align="left">棋海遨游</div></td>
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<td bgcolor="#0080c0"><img height="29" src="http://www.linta.net/images/chess/pieces/a29/br.gif" width="29" border="0" /></td>
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<td bgcolor="#0080c0"><img height="29" src="http://www.linta.net/images/chess/pieces/a29/i.gif" width="29" border="0" /></td>
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<td bgcolor="#0080c0"><img height="29" src="http://www.linta.net/images/chess/pieces/a29/bq.gif" width="29" border="0" /></td>
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<td bgcolor="#ffffff"><img height="29" src="http://www.linta.net/images/chess/pieces/a29/wq.gif" width="29" border="0" /></td>
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<td align="middle" bgcolor="#e6e6e6">&nbsp;<font face="MS Sans Serif" color="#000000" size="-1">b</font>&nbsp;</td>
<td align="middle" bgcolor="#e6e6e6">&nbsp;<font face="MS Sans Serif" color="#000000" size="-1">c</font>&nbsp;</td>
<td align="middle" bgcolor="#e6e6e6">&nbsp;<font face="MS Sans Serif" color="#000000" size="-1">d</font>&nbsp;</td>
<td align="middle" bgcolor="#e6e6e6">&nbsp;<font face="MS Sans Serif" color="#000000" size="-1">e</font>&nbsp;</td>
<td align="middle" bgcolor="#e6e6e6">&nbsp;<font face="MS Sans Serif" color="#000000" size="-1">f</font>&nbsp;</td>
<td align="middle" bgcolor="#e6e6e6">&nbsp;<font face="MS Sans Serif" color="#000000" size="-1">g</font>&nbsp;</td>
<td align="middle" bgcolor="#e6e6e6">&nbsp;<font face="MS Sans Serif" color="#000000" size="-1">h</font>&nbsp;</td>
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<div align="center">

第八届欧锦赛第11轮 鲁克-切帕利诺夫 </div></font></b><br /><br />

第八届欧锦赛第11轮，鲁克执白迎战切帕利诺夫，双方战至第34回合，白棋走出Qxh5后的局面。 <br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
<div align="center"><a href="#">[详细对局]</a> </div><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>]]></description>
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		<item>
			<title>四色定理</title>
			<link>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/38826546.html</link>
			<comments>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/38826546.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>扑克档案</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Thu, 22 Mar 2007 19:34:15 +0800</pubDate>
			<category>学术</category>
			<guid>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/38826546.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[<div>
<p align="center"><font face="黑体" size="5">关于四色定理的一个简单证明（要点）</font></p>
<p align="left"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 四色定理在曲面和平面等价，因此本文仅证明在平面情况下成立即可。</font></p>
<p><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="黑体" size="4">&nbsp; 步骤一</font> &nbsp;考察这样一种平面网络，它有n（n≧3）个节点，充分连接所有节点并且<img style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px" alt="" src="http://img44.pp.sohu.com/images/blog/2007/1/22/9/7/110dd3955f4.jpg" border="0" />连线之间互不相交，姑且称其为&ldquo;充分连接网络&rdquo;，如图1，则其连线数m与节点数n之间有关系：</font></p>
<p><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;m = 3(n &ndash; 2) &nbsp;&nbsp;（n≧3）</font></font></p>
<p><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （证明过程略）</font></font></p>
<p><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="黑体" size="4">步骤二 </font>&nbsp;假定平面上有n（n≧3）个区域是两两相邻（两两具有公共边界）的，在这n（n≧3）个区域中的每个区域内各取一点P<sub>i</sub>(i=1,2,&hellip;, n) , 充分地将每相邻的两个区域的P<sub>i</sub>点用穿过其公共边<img style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px" alt="" src="http://img44.pp.sohu.com/images/blog/2007/1/22/11/3/110dd884a01.jpg" border="0" />界的连线连接起来，并做到本区域内的连线间互不相交，如图2。由于每条公共边界只有一条连线穿过，连线之间在公共边界上也不会相交，因此这样一个由P<sub>i</sub>点及其连线构成的网络是充分连接网络</font><font size="3">，其连线数m满足关系：</font></p>
<p><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;m = 3(n-2) &nbsp;&nbsp;（n≧3）&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;①</font></font></p>
<p><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;又由于n（n≧3）个区域两两相邻，即是说每两个区域间都有一条连线，故连线数m还满足关系：</font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;m = n(n-1)/2 &nbsp;&nbsp;（n≧3）&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;②</font></p>
<p><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 解之，n<sub>1</sub> = 3，n<sub>2</sub> = 4。即：平面上最多只有4个区域是两两相邻的，用四色作图足矣，得证。</font></p>
<div></div></div>]]></description>
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			<title>三、互补数与中心对称幻方的概念   </title>
			<link>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/27113888.html</link>
			<comments>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/27113888.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>扑克档案</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2006 16:58:36 +0800</pubDate>
			<guid>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/27113888.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[<p><font face="宋体" color="#000000" size="4">三、</font></p>
<p><font face="宋体" color="#000000" size="4">三、互补数与中心对称幻方的概念</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="4">&nbsp;</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="1">&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">在三阶幻方中，每一对和为</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">10</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的数，是一对</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>互补数</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">（特别地，中心数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">与它本身是一对互补数）</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>。</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">在四阶幻方中，每一对和为</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">17</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的数，是一对</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">互补数</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>。</b></font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">一般说来，</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">在</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">n</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">阶幻方中，某两个数的和等于幻方中最大的数与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的和，称它们为一对</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>互补数</b></font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">。例如</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">11</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">阶幻方中最大的数是</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">121</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">，该幻方中的</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">56</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">65</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">是一对互补数。</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">在图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这个四阶幻方中，我们用不同的字体或小圆点标记了</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">3</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">对数：</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">3</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">14</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">8</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">9</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">3</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">14</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">。我们说，这</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">3</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">对数在这个幻方中都是</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>成中心对称</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的。在每一个四阶幻方（四阶方阵）中，都有</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">8</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">对成中心对称的数。</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">同样，在三阶幻方（三阶方阵）中，有四对数是成中心对称的</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">。</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">特别地，</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>奇数阶幻方的中心数（指中心方格的数）与它本身是中心对称的</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">。注意：偶数阶</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">幻方没有中心数。</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2"><b>&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2"><b>9&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2"><b>&nbsp;6</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2"><b>11&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">初始方阵</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">两对角线倒排</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">交换中间两列</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;D&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">再作变换</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">制作四阶幻方的又一组例子</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">在图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">中，每一对成中心对称的数同时恰好都是互补</font> </p>
<p><font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">数，我们说图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6C</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">幻方都是中心对称的。</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">一般说来，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">如果一个幻方的每一对成中心对称的数都是一对互补数，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">称这个幻方为</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>中心对称幻方</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">。</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2A</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">幻方也都是中心对称幻方。图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6D</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">则不是中心对称的幻方（这个幻方中的数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">16</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">11</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">是中心对称的，而这一对数不是互补的。请注意，在幻方中，只要有一对成中心对称的数不是互补的，我们就可以判定该幻方不是中心对称幻方）。类似地，有</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>中心对称方阵</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的概念，例如图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1A</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这个三阶自然方阵与图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5A</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这个四阶自然方阵都是</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">中心对称的方阵（一般说来，任何阶数的自然方阵都是中心对称的）。另外图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6A</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">也是一个中心对称四阶方阵。</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这里给出中心对称幻方的一个重要的结论</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">：</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>在任何一个中心对称幻方中，每一对上下对称的两行上诸数之平方和总是相等的，每一对左右对称的两列也是这样</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>。</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">例如顺数第二行与倒数第二行是上下对称的两行是上下对称的两行。图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">幻方中，第二行诸数之平方和是</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">81+49+36+144&nbsp;=&nbsp;310</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，第三行诸数之平方和是</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">25+121+100+64&nbsp;=&nbsp;310</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，两者确实是相等的；该幻方第一行诸数之平方和与第四行诸数之平方和都是</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">438</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">。</font> </p>
<p><font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">又如在下页图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">7E</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这个五阶幻方中，每一对和为</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">26</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的数（例如数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">25</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">24</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">3</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">23</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">11</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">15</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的和都是</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">26</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">）在该幻方中都是成中心对称的，这个幻方是中心对称的五阶幻方。它的第二行诸数之平方和为</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">144+64+16+625+256&nbsp;=&nbsp;1105</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，第四行诸数之平方和为</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">100+1+484+324+196&nbsp;=&nbsp;1105</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，两者也确实是相等的。它的第一行、第五行诸数之平方和都是</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1155</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">；它的第一列、第五列诸数之平方和都是</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1055</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">。</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">请注意，这里所介绍的中心对称幻方的一个重要性质，表明中心对称幻方是一种</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">比较规范、比较优美的幻方。本书把中心对称幻方作为一个研究的重点。</font> </p>
<p>&nbsp;<font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="4">&nbsp;</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="1">&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">在三阶幻方中，每一对和为</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">10</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的数，是一对</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>互补数</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">（特别地，中心数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">与它本身是一对互补数）</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>。</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">在四阶幻方中，每一对和为</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">17</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的数，是一对</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">互补数</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>。</b></font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">一般说来，</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">在</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">n</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">阶幻方中，某两个数的和等于幻方中最大的数与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的和，称它们为一对</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>互补数</b></font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">。例如</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">11</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">阶幻方中最大的数是</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">121</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">，该幻方中的</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">56</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">65</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">是一对互补数。</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">在图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这个四阶幻方中，我们用不同的字体或小圆点标记了</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">3</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">对数：</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">3</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">14</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">8</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">9</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">3</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">14</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">。我们说，这</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">3</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">对数在这个幻方中都是</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>成中心对称</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的。在每一个四阶幻方（四阶方阵）中，都有</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">8</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">对成中心对称的数。</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">同样，在三阶幻方（三阶方阵）中，有四对数是成中心对称的</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">。</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">特别地，</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>奇数阶幻方的中心数（指中心方格的数）与它本身是中心对称的</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">。注意：偶数阶</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">幻方没有中心数。</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2"><b>&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2"><b>9&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2"><b>&nbsp;6</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2"><b>11&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">初始方阵</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">两对角线倒排</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">交换中间两列</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;D&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">再作变换</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">制作四阶幻方的又一组例子</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">在图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">中，每一对成中心对称的数同时恰好都是互补</font> </p>
<p><font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">数，我们说图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6C</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">幻方都是中心对称的。</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">一般说来，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">如果一个幻方的每一对成中心对称的数都是一对互补数，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">称这个幻方为</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>中心对称幻方</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">。</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2A</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">幻方也都是中心对称幻方。图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6D</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">则不是中心对称的幻方（这个幻方中的数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">16</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">11</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">是中心对称的，而这一对数不是互补的。请注意，在幻方中，只要有一对成中心对称的数不是互补的，我们就可以判定该幻方不是中心对称幻方）。类似地，有</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>中心对称方阵</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的概念，例如图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1A</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这个三阶自然方阵与图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5A</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这个四阶自然方阵都是</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">中心对称的方阵（一般说来，任何阶数的自然方阵都是中心对称的）。另外图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6A</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">也是一个中心对称四阶方阵。</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这里给出中心对称幻方的一个重要的结论</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">：</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>在任何一个中心对称幻方中，每一对上下对称的两行上诸数之平方和总是相等的，每一对左右对称的两列也是这样</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>。</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">例如顺数第二行与倒数第二行是上下对称的两行是上下对称的两行。图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">幻方中，第二行诸数之平方和是</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">81+49+36+144&nbsp;=&nbsp;310</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，第三行诸数之平方和是</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">25+121+100+64&nbsp;=&nbsp;310</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，两者确实是相等的；该幻方第一行诸数之平方和与第四行诸数之平方和都是</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">438</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">。</font> </p>
<p><font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">又如在下页图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">7E</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这个五阶幻方中，每一对和为</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">26</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的数（例如数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">25</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">24</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">3</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">23</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">11</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">15</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的和都是</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">26</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">）在该幻方中都是成中心对称的，这个幻方是中心对称的五阶幻方。它的第二行诸数之平方和为</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">144+64+16+625+256&nbsp;=&nbsp;1105</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，第四行诸数之平方和为</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">100+1+484+324+196&nbsp;=&nbsp;1105</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，两者也确实是相等的。它的第一行、第五行诸数之平方和都是</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1155</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">；它的第一列、第五列诸数之平方和都是</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1055</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">。</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">请注意，这里所介绍的中心对称幻方的一个重要性质，表明中心对称幻方是一种</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">比较规范、比较优美的幻方。本书把中心对称幻方作为一个研究的重点。</font> </p>]]></description>
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			<title> 二、三阶、四阶幻方制作方法的初步介绍 </title>
			<link>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/27113707.html</link>
			<comments>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/27113707.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>扑克档案</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2006 16:57:13 +0800</pubDate>
			<guid>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/27113707.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[&nbsp;<font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="4">二、&nbsp;<font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="4">二、三阶、四阶幻方制作方法的初步介绍</font> 
<p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> </p>
<p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">对角对调</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">各数旋转</font> </p>
<p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">三阶幻方制作过程图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> </p>
<p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4A</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">称为</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>三阶</b></font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>自然方阵</b></font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">（它是将从数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">起的九个连续自然数按从小到大的顺序依次填写而得到的），</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">人们常常以自然方阵为</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>初始方阵</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">制作幻方。例如可以用&ldquo;</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>对角对调，各数旋转</b></font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">&rdquo;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的方法制作三阶幻方，具体的说是：</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、将图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4A</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的两组对角的数对调</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">（例如数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">9</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">对调），得到图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">。</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、将图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的各个数顺时针方向旋转</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">45</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">度（中心数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">也可以说是旋转了），就得到图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4C</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">所示的三阶幻方。</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这里再介绍四阶幻方的一些制作方法。图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5A</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">是四阶自然方阵（它与三阶方阵的排列规律完全相同），将它的两条对角线上的各个数倒排，就得到图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这个四阶幻方。如果将图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的中间两列对调，又得到图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5C</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这个四阶幻方。如果将图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5C</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">最后两列左右翻折得到一个新的四阶方阵（此过程图从略，请读者自己制作），再将新方阵最后两行上下翻折，所得到的图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5D</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">也是一个四阶幻方。这里我们以图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5A</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">为初始方阵，连续制作了三个四阶幻方。</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">制作这</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">3</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">个幻方的方法都是很简单的。</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">从以上制作幻方的实例来看，制作三阶幻方及少量的四阶幻方，简直是举手之劳。在后文中我们将会看到，制作其它阶数的幻方也都是容易的。安徽芜湖王忠汉老先生常说，&ldquo;只要是会做加减法的人，经过一个小时的训练，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">就能学会制作多种幻方&rdquo;，情况确实如此。</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="1">&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">自然方阵</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">两对角线倒排</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">交换中间两列</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;D&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">再作变换</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">制作四阶幻方的一组例子</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">一般说来，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>当阶数</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>n</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>是大于</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>2</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>的整数时，</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>对于由从</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>1</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>开始的</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>n</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>2</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>个连续自然数组成的</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>n</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>阶幻方，</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>计算它的幻和的公式是：</b></font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;S&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>n&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>=n</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&times;（</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>n&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>2&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>+1</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>）／</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></font> </p>
<p><font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">（其中，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">n</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">读作</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">n</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的平方，它表示将数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">n</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与它本身相乘所得到的结果。类似地，用</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">n</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">3</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">表示三个数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">n</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">连乘，读作</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">n</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的立方），例如：</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;S&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;=&nbsp;4</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&times;（</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">+1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">）／</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;=&nbsp;34</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">S&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">=&nbsp;5</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&times;（</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">+1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">）／</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;=&nbsp;65</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">S&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">=&nbsp;6</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&times;（</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">+1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">）／</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;=&nbsp;111</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">S</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">8&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">=&nbsp;8</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&times;（</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">8&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">+1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">）／</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;=&nbsp;260</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">S</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">10&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">=&nbsp;10</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&times;（</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">10&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">+1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">）／</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;=&nbsp;505</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">。这个公式请读者记住。</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> </p></font> 
<p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> </p>
<p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">对角对调</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">各数旋转</font> </p>
<p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">三阶幻方制作过程图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> </p>
<p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4A</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">称为</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>三阶</b></font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>自然方阵</b></font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">（它是将从数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">起的九个连续自然数按从小到大的顺序依次填写而得到的），</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">人们常常以自然方阵为</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>初始方阵</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">制作幻方。例如可以用&ldquo;</font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>对角对调，各数旋转</b></font> <font face="金山简黑体" color="#000000" size="3">&rdquo;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的方法制作三阶幻方，具体的说是：</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、将图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4A</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的两组对角的数对调</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">（例如数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">9</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">对调），得到图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">。</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">、将图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的各个数顺时针方向旋转</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">45</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">度（中心数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">也可以说是旋转了），就得到图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4C</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">所示的三阶幻方。</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这里再介绍四阶幻方的一些制作方法。图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5A</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">是四阶自然方阵（它与三阶方阵的排列规律完全相同），将它的两条对角线上的各个数倒排，就得到图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这个四阶幻方。如果将图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5B</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的中间两列对调，又得到图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5C</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">这个四阶幻方。如果将图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5C</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">最后两列左右翻折得到一个新的四阶方阵（此过程图从略，请读者自己制作），再将新方阵最后两行上下翻折，所得到的图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5D</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">也是一个四阶幻方。这里我们以图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5A</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">为初始方阵，连续制作了三个四阶幻方。</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">制作这</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">3</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">个幻方的方法都是很简单的。</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">从以上制作幻方的实例来看，制作三阶幻方及少量的四阶幻方，简直是举手之劳。在后文中我们将会看到，制作其它阶数的幻方也都是容易的。安徽芜湖王忠汉老先生常说，&ldquo;只要是会做加减法的人，经过一个小时的训练，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">就能学会制作多种幻方&rdquo;，情况确实如此。</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="1">&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">自然方阵</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">两对角线倒排</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">交换中间两列</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;D&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="2">再作变换</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">图</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">1</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">&mdash;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font face="楷体_GB2312" color="#000000" size="3">制作四阶幻方的一组例子</font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">一般说来，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>当阶数</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>n</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>是大于</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>2</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>的整数时，</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>对于由从</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>1</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>开始的</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>n</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>2</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>个连续自然数组成的</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>n</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>阶幻方，</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>计算它的幻和的公式是：</b></font> </p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;S&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>n&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>=n</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>&times;（</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>n&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>2&nbsp;</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>+1</b></font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3"><b>）／</b></font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3"><b>2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></font> </p>
<p><font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">（其中，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">n</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">读作</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">n</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的平方，它表示将数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">n</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">与它本身相乘所得到的结果。类似地，用</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">n</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">3</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">表示三个数</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">n</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">连乘，读作</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">n</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">的立方），例如：</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;S&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;=&nbsp;4</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&times;（</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">4&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">+1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">）／</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;=&nbsp;34</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">S&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">=&nbsp;5</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&times;（</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">5&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">+1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">）／</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;=&nbsp;65</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">S&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">=&nbsp;6</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&times;（</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">6&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">+1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">）／</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;=&nbsp;111</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">S</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">8&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">=&nbsp;8</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&times;（</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">8&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">+1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">）／</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;=&nbsp;260</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">，</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">S</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">10&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">=&nbsp;10</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">&times;（</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">10&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">+1</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">）／</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">2&nbsp;=&nbsp;505</font> <font face="金山简宋体" color="#000000" size="3">。这个公式请读者记住。</font> <font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font> </p>]]></description>
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		<item>
			<title>幻方的定义：</title>
			<link>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/27113043.html</link>
			<comments>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/27113043.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>扑克档案</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2006 16:52:40 +0800</pubDate>
			<guid>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/27113043.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[<p>幻方的定义：将1&hellip;&hellip;n*n个连续整数，填入n*n的方格中，使横竖各行以及对角线上的数字的和等于常数。</p>
<p>　　幻方是相当古老的数学问题，中国的《洛书》中记载了最早的幻方（如图）&mdash;&mdash;九宫图。其中所有的奇数&mdash;&mdash;阳，代表天；所有的偶数&mdash;&mdash;阴，代表地。</p>
<p>　　　　　　　　 <img height="229" src="http://www.cbe21.com/subject/maths/images/040303/1202/1202001.gif" width="250" /></p>]]></description>
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		<item>
			<title>方16阶次三幻</title>
			<link>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/27112473.html</link>
			<comments>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/27112473.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>扑克档案</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2006 16:49:02 +0800</pubDate>
			<guid>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/27112473.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[<p align="center"><strong><span><span>16阶<span>次</span>三</span>幻方</span>（<a href="http://cslab.stu.edu.cn/files/16th%20trimagic%20square%20by%20Chen%20qinwu.xls">Excel文件下载</a>）<br /><span>广东汕头大学 &nbsp;&nbsp; 陈钦梧 陈沐天</span></strong></p>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" bgcolor="#fcfee2" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>33 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>29 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>27 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>25 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>145 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>82 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>84 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>114 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>141 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>171 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>173 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>110 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>230 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>228 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>226 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>222 </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>51 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>39 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>123 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>63 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>233 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>109 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>206 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>218 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>37 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>49 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>146 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>22 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>192 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>132 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>216 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>204 </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>177 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>167 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>225 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>211 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>168 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>244 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>150 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>41 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>214 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>105 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>11 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>87 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>44 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>30 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>88 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>78 </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>124 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>200 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>4 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>248 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>111 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>90 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>48 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>102 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>153 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>207 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>165 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>144 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>7 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>251 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>55 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>131 </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>195 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>179 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>175 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>231 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>198 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>58 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>95 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>240 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>15 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>160 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>197 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>57 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>24 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>80 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>76 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>60 </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>61 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>77 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>81 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>117 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>246 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>213 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>113 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>14 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>241 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>142 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>42 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>9 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>138 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>174 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>178 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>194 </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>202 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>252 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>106 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>126 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>96 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>43 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>12 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>101 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>154 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>243 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>212 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>159 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>129 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>149 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>3 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>53 </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>118 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>54 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>70 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>188 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>209 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>235 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>19 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>163 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>92 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>236 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>20 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>46 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>67 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>185 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>201 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>137 </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>254 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>98 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>184 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>66 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>65 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>75 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>237 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>93 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>162 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>18 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>180 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>190 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>189 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>71 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>157 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>1 </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>136 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>156 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>250 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>128 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>23 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>181 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>170 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>17 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>238 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>85 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>74 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>232 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>127 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>5 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>99 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>119 </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>130 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>134 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>182 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>186 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>8 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>172 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>35 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>239 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>16 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>220 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>83 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>247 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>69 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>73 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>121 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>125 </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>52 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>2 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>148 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>68 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>191 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>147 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>242 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>155 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>100 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>13 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>108 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>64 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>187 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>107 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>253 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>203 </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>223 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>227 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>229 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>139 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>158 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>196 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>143 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>36 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>219 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>112 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>59 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>97 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>116 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>26 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>28 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>32 </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>0 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>120 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>72 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>6 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>47 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>164 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>161 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>152 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>103 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>94 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>91 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>208 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>249 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>183 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>135 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>255 </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>79 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>89 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>31 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>45 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>86 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>10 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>104 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>215 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>40 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>151 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>245 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>169 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>210 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>224 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>166 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>176 </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>205 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>217 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>133 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>193 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>56 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>21 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>221 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>140 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>115 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>34 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>234 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>199 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>62 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>122 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>38 </p></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>50 </p></td></tr></tbody></table>]]></description>
		</item>
		    
		
		<item>
			<title>14阶平方幻方简介</title>
			<link>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/27112089.html</link>
			<comments>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/27112089.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>扑克档案</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2006 16:46:22 +0800</pubDate>
			<guid>http://meihua2.blog.sohu.com/27112089.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#fefefe">
<table align="center">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<p align="left"><font color="#ff0000"><a name="14阶平方幻方">14阶平方幻方</a>简介：</font></p></div>
<div><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><font face="Arial" color="#000080"> </font><font size="2"><font size="+0">高次幻方未解决</font></font><font size="+0">世界</font><font size="2"><font size="+0">难题之一 ，见</font><a href=""><font face="Arial">www.multimagie.com/English/Problems.htm</font></a> 
<li>Who will be the first to construct a <a href="http://cboyer.club.fr/multimagie/English/Bitrimagic12_16.htm#Bima13"><font color="#800080" size="3">bimagic square of order 13, 14 or&nbsp;15</font></a>? None is known. Or prove that it is impossible to construct such squares. 
</li><li>
<p align="left"><b>14th-order bimagic and trimagic squares?</b></p>
<p align="left">No bimagic square known. Trimagic square impossible. </p>
</li><li>However, <b>G. Pfeffermann</b>, France, has constructed (published in 1894 by <b>Commandant Coccoz</b>, <i>AFAS</i>) this 14th-order non-normal bimagic square. 
</li><li>In August 2005, <b>Jacques Gu&eacute;ron</b>, France, constructed this 14th-order nearly bimagic square (using consecutive integers): only 2 columns and one diagonal are not bimagic. 
</li><li>1894年，法国数学家G.Pfeffermann构造出广义（非常规）14阶平方幻方。我国李文也有相同成果。但直至2005年8月，法国人Jacques Gu&eacute;ron才构造出仅差二行及一条对角线的接近14阶平方幻方。2005年12月，Jacques Gu&eacute;ron又构造出仅差一条对角线的最接近14阶平方幻方。 
</li><li>2006年1月16日，汕头大学计算机系陈钦梧成功解决这一百年难题！ 
</li><li>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">


<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="19">36</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>103</td>
<td>68</td>
<td>151</td>
<td>166</td>
<td>104</td>
<td>28</td>
<td>190</td>
<td>55</td>
<td>168</td>
<td>78</td>
<td>61</td>
<td>149</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="19">114</td>
<td>48</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>177</td>
<td>132</td>
<td>146</td>
<td>124</td>
<td>148</td>
<td>129</td>
<td>77</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>164</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>73</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="19">33</td>
<td>57</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>141</td>
<td>120</td>
<td>189</td>
<td>183</td>
<td>111</td>
<td>59</td>
<td>80</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>158</td>
<td>138</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="19">34</td>
<td>135</td>
<td>159</td>
<td>140</td>
<td>72</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>162</td>
<td>53</td>
<td>144</td>
<td>152</td>
<td>102</td>
<td>39</td>
<td>153</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="19">150</td>
<td>193</td>
<td>171</td>
<td>67</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>84</td>
<td>63</td>
<td>76</td>
<td>115</td>
<td>119</td>
<td>89</td>
<td>26</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>176</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="19">116</td>
<td>195</td>
<td>112</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>173</td>
<td>82</td>
<td>66</td>
<td>54</td>
<td>145</td>
<td>105</td>
<td>108</td>
<td>154</td>
<td>50</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="19">181</td>
<td>109</td>
<td>155</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>157</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>113</td>
<td>37</td>
<td>92</td>
<td>69</td>
<td>41</td>
<td>32</td>
<td>191</td>
<td>126</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="19">56</td>
<td>156</td>
<td>133</td>
<td>127</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>88</td>
<td>51</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>179</td>
<td>131</td>
<td>161</td>
<td>165</td>
<td>31</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="19">65</td>
<td>106</td>
<td>95</td>
<td>110</td>
<td>47</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>58</td>
<td>192</td>
<td>91</td>
<td>178</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>174</td>
<td>136</td>
<td>12</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="19">40</td>
<td>107</td>
<td>29</td>
<td>184</td>
<td>101</td>
<td>83</td>
<td>122</td>
<td>134</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>180</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>147</td>
<td>130</td>
<td>96</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="19">74</td>
<td>49</td>
<td>90</td>
<td>123</td>
<td>142</td>
<td>121</td>
<td>182</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>167</td>
<td>25</td>
<td>163</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>85</td>
<td>128</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="19">93</td>
<td>86</td>
<td>185</td>
<td>98</td>
<td>188</td>
<td>71</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>87</td>
<td>137</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>125</td>
<td>169</td>
<td>79</td>
<td>16</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="19">187</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>62</td>
<td>160</td>
<td>75</td>
<td>27</td>
<td>175</td>
<td>70</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>81</td>
<td>143</td>
<td>64</td>
<td>97</td>
<td>172</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="19">186</td>
<td>99</td>
<td>23</td>
<td>60</td>
<td>117</td>
<td>194</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>118</td>
<td>170</td>
<td>30</td>
<td>139</td>
<td>94</td>
<td>38</td>
<td>45</td></tr></tbody></table></li></font></div>
<p><font face="宋体" size="3">Excel文件<a href="http://cslab.stu.edu.cn/files/ChenQinwu14BiMagic2.xls"><img height="31" src="http://cslab.stu.edu.cn/download.gif" width="99" border="0" /></a></font></p>
<div><font size="2">
<li>　 </li></font></div>
<div>
<p align="left"><font color="#ff0000"><a name="15阶平方幻方">15阶平方幻方</a>简介：</font></p></div>
<div><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><font face="Arial" color="#000080"> </font><font size="2">高次幻方未解决</font><font size="+0">世界</font><font size="2">难题之一 ，见上文</font><font size="2"> 
<li>
<p align="left"><b>15th-order bimagic and trimagic squares?</b></p>
<p align="left">No square known.</p>
<p align="left">However, <b>Gaston Tarry</b>, France, has published three different 15th-order &quot;nearly&quot; bimagic squares using consecutive numbers: 
<ul>
<li>in <i>Nouvelles Annales de Math&eacute;matiques</i>, 1900 
</li><li>in <i>Compte-Rendu de l'AFAS</i>, 1903 
</li><li>in <i>Sphinx-Oedipe</i>, 1912 </li></ul>
</p><p align="left">His best one is the last one: the 15 rows are bimagic, the 15 columns are bimagic, but the 2 diagonals are &quot;only&quot; magic. </p>
</li><li>1900,1903,1912年法国人Gaston Tarry在上述著作分别发表三个接近的15阶平方幻方。其最佳者是最后一个：仅二条对角线不满足二次幻方 </li></font></div>
<div><font size="2">
<li>2003年, 法国人Christian Boyer调整好其中一条对角线，构造出仅差一条对角线的最接近15阶平方幻方。 
</li><li>我国李文也有接近的15阶平方幻方成果。 
</li><li>2006年1月14日，汕头大学计算机系陈钦梧成功解决这一百年难题！ </li></font></div>
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<p><font face="宋体" size="3">Excel文件<a href="http://cslab.stu.edu.cn/files/15biMagicByChenQinwu.xls"><img height="31" src="http://cslab.stu.edu.cn/download.gif" width="99" border="0" /></a></font></p>
<div><font size="2">
<p align="center"><b><a name="history">平方幻方的发展史</a></b></p></font><p></p></div>
<blockquote>
<div>
<p align="center"><font size="2">作者：高治源(中国幻方研究者协会副主席)</font></p></div>
<p align="left"><font color="#ff0000">最新消息！News!</font></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p align="left"><font color="#ff0000"><a href=""><font color="#ff0000" size="3"><u>14阶平方幻方</u></font></a>问世：</font><font size="2">2006年1月16日，汕头大学陈钦梧成功解决这一百年难题</font> </p>
</li><li>
<p align="left"><font color="#ff0000"><a href=""><font color="#ff0000" size="3"><u>15阶平方幻方</u></font></a>问世：</font><font size="2">2006年1月14日，汕头大学陈钦梧成功解决这一百年难题</font> </p></li></ul>
<div><font size="3">
<p>世界上第一个幻方来自于中国，中国的洛书就是一个三阶幻方。但我国的幻方后来传到了国外，幻方多彩的变幻特征吸引了许多国外的数学家们。在16、17世纪，西方构造幻方就非常盛行。在19世纪末，幻方的研究发生了巨大的变化，在构造的难度上和奥妙的深度上都已大大超过以往。1890年左右一个叫G. Pfeffermann的法国人，首先发明了第一个八阶和九阶&ldquo;平方幻方&rdquo;，在1901年，法国数学家里利的专著中创作了200余幅平方幻方，从而展开了高次幻方研究的新开端，因为平方幻方的各行各列及两条对角线诸数的和、平方和均相等，表现出更高级的美妙，立即引起幻方迷们的重视。平方幻方的发展历史，就应该从法国人G. Pfeffermann谈起。</p></font><font size="3">
<p>那是在1891 年1月 15 日，法国的一个半月刊《Les Tablettes du Chercheur 》中，有一道难题引人注目，这正是法国人G. Pfeffermann发表了他在 1890 年构造的第一个平方幻方。但他并非完全地将他的奇巧发现告诉人们, 而是以一个难题的形式部份地呈现了这个平方幻方,如图1，是一个8阶方阵，给出了32个数字，你可以将1-64中的其它数字填入空格中，使</p></font><font size="2"><font size="3">8行8列及两条对角线诸数的和</font><font size="3">等于260，平方和等于11180吗？ <p></p>
<p>问题一出，大家异常惊讶，大部分人会怀疑这个事实，许多人努力了，但无法成功，只在等待下期的答案。</p></font><font size="2"><font size="3">两星期之后, Pfeffermann在杂志中自然发表了他的伟大成就。 本刊并发表了社论，称赞这是世界上第一个平方幻方（图2）。当时法国出名的 作家Edouard 卢卡斯(1842-1891)写文大加赞赏。这之后，G.Pfeffermann有了一定的名声， 在 1890 和 1896 </font><font size="3">之间，他发表了很多幻方文章。</font></font><font size="2"><font size="3"><p></p></font>
<p>英国剑桥的路加博士和法国的珍-克劳德罗莎数学老师，分别证明了用非连续整数，3阶、4阶、5阶、6阶平方幻方都不存在，同样我们也看到我国的幻方爱好者张清全，用很简单的方法证明了四阶平方幻方的情况。要证明用连续自然数不能构造5阶平方幻方十分简单，因为我们只能找到下列8组平方和等于平方幻和的数组：G1=1,10,14,18,22；G2=2,8,14,20,21；G3=2,10,13,16,24；G4=4,5,16,18,22；G5=4,6,13,20,22；G6=4,8,10,21,22；G7=4,8,12,16,25；G8=5,6,12,18,24。而要构造5阶平方幻方需要12组数组。现在接近的5阶平方幻方，只有4条线成立。</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman">13-15</font>阶平方幻方已经成为最热门的研究目标，早在<font face="Times New Roman">1900,1903,1912</font>年法国人<font face="Times New Roman">Gaston Tarry</font>在上述著作分别发表三个接近的<font face="Times New Roman">15</font>阶平方幻方。其最佳者是最后一个：仅二条对角线不满足二次幻方 &middot;<font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font>在 <font face="Times New Roman">2003, </font>法国<font face="Times New Roman">Christian Boyer</font>对此作了改进，使这个幻方只有一条对角线不符合要求了，我国的李文也有同样的结果，<font face="Times New Roman">15</font>阶平方幻方的山顶只有一步之遥了。<font face="Times New Roman">1894</font>年，法国数学家<font face="Times New Roman">G.Pfeffermann</font>构造出广义（非常规）<font face="Times New Roman">14</font>阶平方幻方。但直至<font face="Times New Roman">2005</font>年<font face="Times New Roman">8</font>月，法国人<font face="Times New Roman">Jacques Gu&eacute;ron</font>才构造出仅差二行及一条对角线的接近<font face="Times New Roman">14</font>阶平方幻方。<font face="Times New Roman">2005</font>年<font face="Times New Roman">12</font>月，<font face="Times New Roman">Jacques Gu&eacute;ron</font>又构造出仅差一条对角线的最接近<font face="Times New Roman">13</font>阶、<font face="Times New Roman">14</font>阶平方幻方。</p><font size="3">
<p>&nbsp;2006</p></font><font size="2"><font size="3">年</font><font size="3">1月17日早晨，笔者刚刚在睡梦中醒来，就接到了汕头大学计算机系陈钦梧、陈沐天两人的电话，他们分别高兴地告诉我：2006年1月14日，15阶平方幻方（图16）诞生了，1月16日14阶平方幻方（图17</font><font size="3">）也诞生了，三天当中，汕头大学陈钦梧成功解决两个长达一百年的难题。</font><font size="3"><p></p></font>
<p><font size="3">第一个16阶平方幻方是由 法国<b>Gaston Tarry在</b>1903.年构造的。 构造16阶平方幻方比较容易，许多人在探索16阶三次幻方过程中得到大量的16阶平方幻方。高治源的16阶行三次幻方、王忠汉、钱剑平的接近的16阶三次幻方，吉林滕越80多岁老人的16阶三次幻方探索手稿中，都有16阶平方幻方的成就。<i>2005年5月，</i></font><font size="3">幻方爱好者梦寐以求的规则的16阶三次幻方终于问世了，2005年5月8号我们刚刚庆祝了中国幻方研究者协会成立七周年，在我国广东汕头大学有两位幻方研究工作者，他们的努力奋斗与合作，为我国幻方的发展创造了一项奇迹，这一天16阶三次幻方在汕头大学的一台电脑中诞生了，它来到这个世界上，似乎无声无息，但他却震撼了两位探索者的心，他们高兴得几乎要喊叫出来，多少年的盼望，多少个日日夜夜的奋战，多少次失败的考验，终于感动了上天，它终于悄然问世，这正是：</font><font size="3">众里寻她千百度&hellip;&hellip;&nbsp; 蓦然回首，那人却在，&nbsp;灯火阑珊处。从此 ，陈钦梧、陈沐天两人的名字，与16阶三次幻方连在一起，向世界各地传播！图18是16阶三次幻方。</font></p></font><font size=